61 research outputs found

    Aerosol deposition and origin in French mountains estimated with soil inventories of 210Pb and artificial radionuclides

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    Radionuclide inventories were measured in soils from different French mountainous areas: Chaüne des Puys (Massif Central), Eastern Corsica, Jura, Montagne Noire, Savoie, Vosges and Rhine Valley. 210Pb soil inventories were used to estimate long-term (>75 yr) deposition of submicron aerosols. Whereas 210Pb total deposition is explained partly by wet deposition, as demonstrated by increase of 210Pb inventory with annual rainfall; a part of 210Pb in the soils of higher altitude is caused by orographic depositions. Using measurements of radionuclides coming from nuclear aerial weapon tests (137Cs and Pu isotopes), we were able to estimate the origin of aerosols deposited in high-altitude sites and to confirm the importance of occult deposition and feeder–seeder mechanism. Using a simple mass balance model, we estimate that occult deposition and feeder–seeder mechanisms account to more than 50% of total deposition of 210Pb and associated submicron aerosols in French altitude sites

    Acoustodynamometry : An innovating non-invasive technique used to measure tendon load during movement

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    A novel technique was developed to measure the tendon load in people and in horses in motion. This non-invasive technique is based on a relation, demonstrated experimentally in vitro on isolated tendons and limbs, between the velocity of ultrasound in the tendon and the load to which it is subjected. A prototype was created to examine the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. The reproducibility of these measurements assessed in five horses was very good in a given subject, but marked differences were observed between the animals, in terms of plot shape and ultrasound velocity. These differences appeared directly related to the horse’s digital standing conformation. The technique thus validated was then used to examine the effect of four types of orthopaedic shoes compared to a standard shoe, on hard as well as soft ground.Un procĂ©dĂ© original de mesure de la force qui s'exerce dans un tendon, chez le Cheval ou l'Homme en mouvement, a Ă©tĂ© mis au point. Cette technique non-invasive repose sur une relation, dĂ©montrĂ©e expĂ©rimentalement in vitro, sur tendons et membres isolĂ©s, entre la vitesse des ultrasons dans un tendon et la force qui s'applique sur celui-ci. Un prototype adaptĂ© au tendon flĂ©chisseur superficiel du doigt du cheval a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©. La reproductibilitĂ© des mesures, Ă©valuĂ©e chez cinq chevaux, au pas et au trot, est trĂšs bonne chez un mĂȘme individu, mais il existe des diffĂ©rences nettes entre sujets, Ă  la fois dans la forme des tracĂ©s et dans les niveaux de vitesse des ultrasons observĂ©s. Ces diffĂ©rences sont apparues Ă©troitement liĂ©es Ă  l'aplomb digital des chevaux. Le procĂ©dĂ© ainsi validĂ© a permis d'Ă©valuer l'effet de quatre types de ferrures correctrices, comparĂ©es Ă  un fer standard, sur sol dur et sur sol meuble

    COMPARISON OF TWO PREPARATION PROCEDURES (HARROWING VS. ROLLING) APPLIED TO AN EQUESTRIAN SPORT ARENA: EFFECTS ON THE DYNAMIC VARIABLES IN 3 HORSES LANDING AFTER A JUMP

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    The purpose of this study was to compare the dynamic variables recorded on 3 horses landing after a jump on an arena surface (sand & fibre mix) after application of two classical preparation procedures: harrowing and rolling. Each horse, equipped with a dynamometric horseshoe and an accelerometer on its right forehoof, performed 6 jumps alternatively on each prepared surface, landing alternatively at right and left lead. The maximal vertical deceleration and the energy of vibrations (>50Hz) at impact significantly decreased with harrowing, on both limbs. The braking force and braking loading rate were greater on the rolled surface but only in the leading limb. The vertical loading rate and, in the leading limb only, the maximal vertical force, were significantly larger on the rolled surface, which suggests that preparation affected the surface deeper than expected

    The Sequisol project: biomechanical eval uation of the effects of equestrian track surfaces on the equine locomotor system

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    The quality of ground surfaces conditions equine locomotion and can be a risk factor for osteoarticular and tendinous lesions. A novel protocol of biomechanical measurements has been developed to characterize the effects of ground surfaces on the locomotor system and locomotion of harnessed trotter horses under training conditions. This protocol is based on the simultaneous use of a 3D dynamometric horseshoe, a 3D accelerometer, a superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon force ultrasonic sensor, inertial measurement units, and a high-speed camera. Three French trotters were used to compare two tracks at the Grosbois training centre (crushed sand and all-weather waxed track) ; biomechanical measurements were performed at a standardized speed (9.7 m/s, i.e. 35 km/h). The all-weather waxed track appeared as the most damping (shock absorbing), i.e. lesser impact deceleration and braking force and lesser maximal loading rate of the SDF tendon. However, the horse’s locomotor comfort (determined by the stride length) did not seem to be greater. The preliminary results of the tests performed since October 2006 as part of the Sequisol project (10 tracks tested on 5 different sites) confirm superior shock-absorbing properties as well as a “slower” characteristic during the braking phase for the all-weather waxed tracks, and generally speaking, the strong influence of maintenance conditions of the surfaces on the biomechanical results.La qualitĂ© du sol conditionne la locomotion d'un cheval, et peut aussi ĂȘtre un facteur de risque de lĂ©sions ostĂ©o-articulaires et tendineuses. Un protocole original de mesures biomĂ©caniques a Ă©tĂ© mis au point afin de caractĂ©riser l'effet des sols sur l'appareil locomoteur et la locomotion, chez le trotteur attelĂ©, dans les conditions de l'entraĂźnement. Ce protocole repose sur l'utilisation simultanĂ©e d'un fer dynamomĂ©trique 3D, d'un accĂ©lĂ©romĂštre 3D, d'un capteur ultrasonore de force dans le tendon flĂ©chisseur superficiel du doigt (perforĂ©), de centrales de mesure inertielle et d'une camĂ©ra haute frĂ©quence. Trois chevaux trotteurs français ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour comparer deux pistes du centre d'entraĂźnement de Grosbois (sable concassĂ© et sable fibrĂ©-huilĂ©); les mesures biomĂ©caniques ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es Ă  vitesse standardisĂ©e (9,7 m/s, soit 35 km/h). La piste en fibrĂ©-huilĂ© prĂ©sente des propriĂ©tĂ©s d'amortissement plus importantes que la piste en sable concassĂ©: la dĂ©cĂ©lĂ©ration Ă  l'impact, la force de freinage et la vitesse de mise en tension maximale du tendon perforĂ© sont plus faibles. En revanche, le confort locomoteur du cheval, apprĂ©ciĂ© notamment par la longueur de la foulĂ©e, n'est pas supĂ©rieur. Le bilan prĂ©liminaire des tests rĂ©alisĂ©s depuis octobre 2006 dans le cadre du projet Sequisol (dix pistes testĂ©es sur cinq sites diffĂ©rents) confirme le caractĂšre plus amortissant mais aussi plus « lent », lors du freinage, des pistes en fibrĂ©-huilĂ© et, plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement, l'influence forte des conditions d'entretien des sols sur les rĂ©sultats biomĂ©caniques

    Angiographie par résonance magnétique (validation et optimisation pour la surveillance des anévrismes intracrùniens traités par coils GDC (Guglielmi Detachable Coils))

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    Dans notre travail, l'angiographie par résonance magnétique a été une méthode sensible et trÚs spécifique pour la surveillance d'un reliquat ou la recherche d'une recanalisation d'un anévrisme intracrùnien traité par coils GDC. Nos résultats, obtenus avec la technique en temps de vol, n'ont pas été améliorés par l'adjonction de gadolinium, sauf dans un cas d'anévrisme géant. Cette technique d'utilisation du gadolinium à l'état d'équilibre avait été préférée à la technique d'écho de gradient pondéré en T1 avec injection en bolus du gadolinium car, si cette derniÚre méthode permettait un excellent contraste, sa résolution spatiale était moins bonne avec les paramÚtres testés. L'angiographie par résonance magnétique présentait de meilleurs résultats que l'analyse radiographique du maillage des coils pour la recherche d'une recanalisation de l'anévrisme embolisé. Les artefacts importants observés lors de l'utilisation du coil Trispan ont été confirmés par une étude in vitro.In our study, MR angiography was a sensitive and very specific method to access the stability of an incomplete occlusion or to diagnose recanalization of the intracranial aneurysm. The use of gadolinium did not improve the ability of 3D time of flight MR angiography to detect the presence of residual or recurrent aneurysm. In one giant aneurysm, the use of intravenous medium contrast did result in improved visualization of a residual aneurysm. With the parameters used, first-pass dynamic contrast-enhanced MR angiography images had a good resolution but its spatial resolution were lower than those on enhanced 3D time of flight MR angiography images performed in the steady state. MR angiography results was better than the analyse of the coil-ball appearance on plain radiographic to predict the instability of angiographic occlusion. The artifact due to the use of a GDC Trispan coil has been confirmed by an in vitro study.TOURS-BU Médecine (372612103) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Effects of a prototype saddle (short panels) on the biomechanics of the equine back: preliminary results

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    40Úme congrÚs de la Société de Biomécanique, PARIS, FRANCE, 28-/10/2015 - 30/10/2015The effect of saddle and weight on the movement of equine lumbosacral junction or the effect of saddle and rider on the variability of the equine gait has already been analyzed. However, the use of a motion capture system limits the analysis at the region behind the saddle, whereas the region of interest is mainly under the saddle. This study uses an alternative technique with wireless inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed under the saddle in order to extend the measurement to this region of interest, in conjunction with pressure mat and stirrup force sensors analysis. With these combined techniques, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a prototype saddle (short panels) compared to a standard saddle (STD) on the flexion- extension motion of the spine, pressure distribution on the back and horse's locomotion parameters. We hypothesized that a saddle with shorter panels may increase load pressure but would allow larger range of motion of the spine and longer stride
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